摘要 :
This article proposes a systems description of policy and the
process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding
policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy
effectiveness. The idealized poli...
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This article proposes a systems description of policy and the
process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding
policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy
effectiveness. The idealized policy process described provides a
framework for a comprehensive approach to real policy administration.
Understanding the idealized policy process offers the three groups of
policy contributors, those who create it, those who carry it out, and
those who support it, the opportunity to use their knowledge more
effectively to the benefit of policy development. This will increase not
only the quality of policies but also the enjoyment and rewards of those
contributing to them
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摘要 :
This article proposes a systems description of policy and the process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy effectiveness. The idealized poli...
展开
This article proposes a systems description of policy and the process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy effectiveness. The idealized policy process described provides a framework for a comprehensive approach to real policy administration. Understanding the idealized policy process offers the three groups of policy contributors, those who create it, those who carry it out, and those who support it, the opportunity to use their knowledge more effectively to the benefit of policy development. This will increase not only the quality of policies but also the enjoyment and rewards of those contributing to them.
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摘要 :
From time to time, the U.S. government has initiated a
particularly large, ambitious program, not as part of the normal R&D
process, which tries to anticipate future needs, but in direct response
to an immediate known national need. Such programs began with the
identification of a compelling goal, then created and applied knowledge
and expertise for the purpose of achieving it. In some cases, this
approach led to remarkably successful accomplishments for the United
States and at the same time gave a very large impetus to both the
application and development of technology. There are two apparent
reasons for the technological benefit. First, the suitability of the
related research and development was guaranteed by its direct
association with the goal, so the problem of agreeing on allocation
criteria was avoided. And second, having the stated goal constantly in
view made it safer to make larger investments, perform bolder research
and development activities, and generally surpass in scope and speed the
accomplishments that would have resulted from incremental, ad hoc
activities. It is natural to ask what factors made these programs
successful. One characteristic of these successful U.S. programs is that
they call on the utmost creative capability of the nation to accomplish
a task of great importance to the country. The author considers the
history of these programs, the manner in which they were accomplished,
how each one was conceived, how it was conducted, and how it advanced
the state of society through technology...
展开
From time to time, the U.S. government has initiated a
particularly large, ambitious program, not as part of the normal R&D
process, which tries to anticipate future needs, but in direct response
to an immediate known national need. Such programs began with the
identification of a compelling goal, then created and applied knowledge
and expertise for the purpose of achieving it. In some cases, this
approach led to remarkably successful accomplishments for the United
States and at the same time gave a very large impetus to both the
application and development of technology. There are two apparent
reasons for the technological benefit. First, the suitability of the
related research and development was guaranteed by its direct
association with the goal, so the problem of agreeing on allocation
criteria was avoided. And second, having the stated goal constantly in
view made it safer to make larger investments, perform bolder research
and development activities, and generally surpass in scope and speed the
accomplishments that would have resulted from incremental, ad hoc
activities. It is natural to ask what factors made these programs
successful. One characteristic of these successful U.S. programs is that
they call on the utmost creative capability of the nation to accomplish
a task of great importance to the country. The author considers the
history of these programs, the manner in which they were accomplished,
how each one was conceived, how it was conducted, and how it advanced
the state of society through technology
收起
摘要 :
From time to time, the U.S. government has initiated a particularly large, ambitious program, not as part of the normal R&D process, which tries to anticipate future needs, but in direct response to an immediate known national need. Such programs began with the identification of a compelling goal, then created and applied knowledge and expertise for the purpose of achieving it. In some cases, this approach led to remarkably successful accomplishments for the United States and at the same time gave a very large impetus to both the application and development of technology. There are two apparent reasons for the technological benefit. First, the suitability of the related research and development was guaranteed by its direct association with the goal, so the problem of agreeing on allocation criteria was avoided. And second, having the stated goal constantly in view made it safer to make larger investments, perform bolder research and development activities, and generally surpass in scope and speed the accomplishments that would have resulted from incremental, ad hoc activities. It is natural to ask what factors made these programs successful. One characteristic of these successful U.S. programs is that they call on the utmost creative capability of the nation to accomplish a task of great importance to the country. The author considers the history of these programs, the manner in which they were accomplished, how each one was conceived, how it was conducted, and how it advanced the state of society through technology....
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From time to time, the U.S. government has initiated a particularly large, ambitious program, not as part of the normal R&D process, which tries to anticipate future needs, but in direct response to an immediate known national need. Such programs began with the identification of a compelling goal, then created and applied knowledge and expertise for the purpose of achieving it. In some cases, this approach led to remarkably successful accomplishments for the United States and at the same time gave a very large impetus to both the application and development of technology. There are two apparent reasons for the technological benefit. First, the suitability of the related research and development was guaranteed by its direct association with the goal, so the problem of agreeing on allocation criteria was avoided. And second, having the stated goal constantly in view made it safer to make larger investments, perform bolder research and development activities, and generally surpass in scope and speed the accomplishments that would have resulted from incremental, ad hoc activities. It is natural to ask what factors made these programs successful. One characteristic of these successful U.S. programs is that they call on the utmost creative capability of the nation to accomplish a task of great importance to the country. The author considers the history of these programs, the manner in which they were accomplished, how each one was conceived, how it was conducted, and how it advanced the state of society through technology.
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